41 cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by occupational irritating chemicals / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To analyze the case characteristics of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by occupational irritant chemicals (OI-COPD). To provide basis for revising its diagnostic criteria. Methods: From June to December 2021, we investigated the information of OI-COPD patients confirmed by Shandong Institute of Occupational Health and Prevention of Occupational Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Control, Qingdao Central Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University and other diagnostic institutions in the past five years, a total of 41 cases. The basic information of OI-COPD cases, occupational risk factors exposure information, medical history, smoking history and clinical symptoms were analyzed retrospectively. The measurement data were tested for normal distribution, which was described by x±s, and compared between groups by t test; Those who do not conform to the normal distribution are described by the median [M (Q(1), Q(3)) ] and analyzed by nonparametric test; The counting data were expressed in frequency and rate (% ), and the comparison between groups was tested. Results: Of the 41 cases, 33 were male and 8 were female. The age of the patient diagnosed with OI-COPD was (49.5±10.3) years old, and the minimum age was 30 years old; Among them, 8 patients had a definite long-term smoking history (more than 5 years) ; The exposure duration of occupational risk factors was (18.6±10.3) years, of which 3 patients had exposure duration of less than 5 years; The occupational risk factors leading to OI-COPD include acids and acid-forming compounds, bases, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and its compounds, etc. The exposure level of occupational risk factors is related to the degree of COPD airflow restriction (χ(2)=6.17, P <0.05). 18 patients with diagnosis age <50 years old were diagnosed as early-onset COPD. The incidence of respiratory symptoms in the early diagnosis COPD group was lower than that in the non-early diagnosis COPD group, and the FEV1% pred was significantly higher than that in the non-early diagnosis COPD group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01 ) . Conclusion: The exposure level of occupational risk factors may be the risk factor affecting the degree of COPD airflow restriction. With the increase of the exposure level of COPD patients, the proportion of respiratory symptoms will also increase accordingly.

Analysis of the correlative characteristics of national occupational health standards based on social network analytic method / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlative characteristics of the National Occupational Health Standards by social network analytic method. METHODS: The national occupational health standards were searched and collected through the National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China and the National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. And the normative reference file related information was extracted to build standard coupling matrix. UCINET6 software for Windows was used to compute the node feature specifications. The network topology diagram of standard mutual citation relationship was drawn using Netdraw 2.054. RESULTS: A total of 269 national occupational health standards were included, involving 361 normative references files. Among them, the highest degree centrality was 48.064 in GBZ/T 251 Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Occupational Hazard in Foundry of Automobile Manufacturing. The highest closeness centrality and betweenness centrality were 27.386 and 33.210, respectively, in GBZ 2.1 Occupational Exposure Limits for Hazardous Agents in the Workplace--Part 1 : Chemical Hazardous Agents. The topographic map of standard mutual reference network indicated that five national occupational health standards were located in the central position of the mutual reference network, which included GBZ 1 Hygiene Standards for the Design of Industrial Enterprises, GBZ 2.1 Occupational Exposure Limits for Hazardous Agents in the Workplace--Part 1: Chemical Hazardous Agents, GBZ 2.2 Occupational Exposure Limits for Hazardous Agents in the Workplace--Part 2: Physical Agents, GBZ 158 Warning Sign for Occupational Hazards in the Workplace and GBZ 159 Specifications of Air Sampling for Hazardous Substances Monitoring in the Workplace. CONCLUSION: The five national occupational health standards located in the central position of the mutual reference network were the key nodes that have a greater influence on other standards, and can be the focus of future standard management.

Trends in suicide by poisoning in China 2000-2006: age, gender, method, and geography / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study analyzed patterns of suicide and suicide attempts by poisoning as reported through a national poison control system for the purpose of improving intervention and prevention.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>During the period of 2000 to 2006, 6440 cases of poisoning suicide were reported to the telephone consultation service system of The National Center for Poisoning Control (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Among these records, 4728 cases had completed data for this analysis in terms of age, sex, trend of time and location, and type of poisons.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 60.6% female cases with the age from 10 to 90 years old. The age of cases from 20 to 39 years accounted for 54.5% of all age groups. Both the numbers and percentage in record related to poisoning consultation of oral poisoning suicide showed an increasing tendency during the 7 years. In particular, there was a drastic increase from 2004 to 2006. In addition, the high frequency of cases occurred from May to October. Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Anhui Provinces had the highest number of cases. Pesticide poisonings were the most common method in these cases of consultation for suicide and suicide attempts.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This study describes epidemiological characteristics in the oral poisoning suicide cases and provides scientific basis for suicide prevention interventions.</p>

Experimental study on therapeutic efficacy of tetrandrine on lung injury induced by acute of paraquat poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the antagonistic efficacy of tetrandrine (TET) on lung injury induced by acute paraquat poisoning.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (control group, non-treatment group and treatment group). The tetrandrine of 30 mg/kg was given by gastric lavage six hours after 32 rats were intraperitoneally injected with paraquat 15 mg/kg (treatment group). Then the same dose of tetrandrine was given once a day. Normal saline of the same volume was given by gastric lavage in another 32 rats intraperitoneally injected with paraquat 15 mg/kg (non-treatment group). Seven rats were intraperitoneally injected by normal saline as the control group. Levels of maleic dialdehyde (MDA), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in plasma and the lung homogenate of three groups were determined at 3 d, 7 d, 14 d and 21 d after exposure to paraquat. Histological changes of the lungs were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The levels of MDA at 3 d both in plasma [(3.65 +/- 0.44) nmol/ml] and the lung homogenate [(9.54 +/- 0.92) nmol/mg pro] of the non-treatment group significantly increased compared with the control group (P < 0.01), the activities of GSH-Px and SOD in plasma at 3 d were significantly less than the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), the activities of GSH-Px (3 d, 7 d) and SOD (7 d, 14 d) in the lung homogenate were significantly less than the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant difference in the levels of MDA both in plasma and the lung homogenate between the treatment group and the non-treatment group (P > 0.05). The SOD activities of treatment group on the third day was significantly increased compared with the non-treatment group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Although the activities of GSH-Px in plasma and the lung homogenate of the treatment group on the third day were increased, there was no significantly difference compared with the non-treatment group (P > 0.05). The integral score of pulmonary fibrosis in the treatment group were significantly lower than in the non-treatment group (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TET has antagonistic effect against acute toxicity of paraquat through significant reduction of pulmonary fibrosis.</p>

Therapeutic efficacy of pralidoxime chloride on acute dichlorvos poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of oxime drug, pralidoxime chloride (PAM-Cl), on acute dichlorvos (DDV) poisoning.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The toxic signs and survival rate were recorded and ChE activity in blood was determined in treatment group with PAM-Cl and non-treatment group after DDV was given to rats and mice by gastrogavage; the therapeutic efficacy and reactivation of DDV-inhibited ChE by PAM-Cl were observed on the patients with acute DDV poisoning.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The alleviated and delayed toxic signs as well as higher survival rate were found in PAM-Cl treatment group compared with non-treatment group. (2) After the rats were exposed to DDV, the ChE activities of whole blood in different time within 24 h were statistically significantly higher in PAM-Cl treatment group than in non-treatment group (P < 0.05). (3) After PAM-Cl treatment, muscular fasciculation and other nicotinic signs in poisoned patients were disappeared and the inhibited blood ChE activities were gradually reactivated to normal level.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PAM-Cl has therapeutic efficacy against acute toxicity of DDV through its reactivation of inhibited ChE.</p>

Therapeutic efficacy of N6-cyclopentyladenosine against acute dichlorvos poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of adenosine receptor agonist N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) against acute dichlorvos poisoning.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Soon after a certain doses of dichlorvos were given to mice and rats by gastrogavage, physiological saline, CPA, atropine or pralidoxime chloride were administered to different groups. Toxic signs and survival rate were recorded and cholinesterase (ChE) activities and acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations in whole blood were determined in treatment group with CPA and non-treatment group after dichlorvos was given to rats by gastrogavage.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The alleviated and delayed appearance of toxic signs as well as obvious prolongation of survival time was observed in CPA treatment group compared with non-treatment group. (2) ChE activities in both treatment group with CPA [(0.49 +/- 0.05) U/ml] and non-treatment group [(0.52 +/- 0.04) U/ml] were significantly lower than that [(1.56 +/- 0.15) U/ml] of the control group (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between treatment group and non-treatment group (P > 0.05). (3) ACh concentration [(204.24 +/- 20.48) microg/ml] in whole blood of treatment group with CPA was significantly lower than that [(230.91 +/- 25.61) microg/ml] of non-treatment group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CPA has therapeutic efficacy against acute dichlorvos poisoning, which is probably through the decrease in ACh concentration.</p>